caomhnĂș bia
Is iad miocrorgĂĄnaigh an prĂomhfhachtĂłir millte in earraĂ bia, dĂĄ bhrĂ sin tĂĄ nĂłsanna imeachta cothabhĂĄla dĂrithe ar a bhfĂĄs agus a bhforbairt san ĂĄbhar leasaithe a chosc agus ar athrĂș den sĂłrt sin ar airĂonna ceimiceacha earraĂ bia nĂł ar phacĂĄistiĂș agus dĂșnadh den sĂłrt sin a chuirfeadh srian lena bhforbairt bhreise, agus ar an gcaoi sin mĂ©adĂș ar shĂĄbhĂĄilteacht. Conas a rinneadh Ă© san aimsir rĂ©amhstairiĂșil agus san ĂĄrsaĂocht, agus conas inniu foghlaimeoidh tĂș Ăłn alt seo a leanas.
rĂ©amhstair Is dĂłcha gurb Ă© an bealach is sine chun seilfrĂ© na mbianna a leathnĂș nĂĄ iad a chaitheamh tobac agus iad a thriomĂș os cionn tine nĂł sa ghrian agus sa ghaoth. Mar sin, d'fhĂ©adfadh feoil agus iasc, mar shampla, maireachtĂĄil sa gheimhreadh (1). TriomĂș cheana fĂ©in 12 mĂle. blianta Ăł shin, ĂșsĂĄideadh go forleathan Ă© sa MheĂĄnoirthear agus i LĂĄr na hĂise. Is dĂłcha nĂĄr tuigeadh ag an am, ĂĄfach, gur leathnaigh uisce a bhaint as tĂĄirge a shaolrĂ© ĂșsĂĄideach.
1. Iasc a chaitheamh trĂ thine
ĂrsaĂocht BhĂ rĂłl fĂor-luachmhar ag salann i gcomhrac na daonnachta i gcoinne miocrĂłib is cĂșis le milleadh bia, rud a chuireann srian le gnĂomhaĂocht rĂthĂĄbhachtach na miocrorgĂĄnach. BhĂ sĂ© in ĂșsĂĄid go forleathan cheana fĂ©in sa GhrĂ©ig ĂĄrsa, ĂĄit ar baineadh ĂșsĂĄid as sĂĄile chun saol ĂșsĂĄideach na n-iasc a leathnĂș. Na RĂłmhĂĄnaigh, ina dhiaidh sin, feoil picilte. Chomhairligh Apicius, Ășdar an leabhair chĂłcaireachta cĂĄiliĂșil Ăł aimsir Augustus agus Tiberius, "De re coquinaria libri X" ("Ar an ealaĂn a bhaineann le leabhair a ullmhĂș 10"), an tĂĄirge a chaomhnĂș ar an mbealach seo a mhaolĂș trĂ Ă© a fhiuchadh i mbainne.
Murab ionann agus lĂĄithrithe, tĂĄ stair na mbreiseĂĄn bia ceimiceach an-fhada freisin. Bhain na hĂigiptigh ĂĄrsa ĂșsĂĄid as cochineal (inniu E 120) agus curcumin (E 100) chun feoil a dhathĂș, baineadh ĂșsĂĄid as nĂtrĂt sĂłidiam (E 250) chun feoil a shailleadh, agus ĂșsĂĄideadh dĂ©-ocsaĂd sulfair (E 220) agus aigĂ©ad aicĂ©iteach (E 260) mar ruaimeanna. . leasaithigh. . ĂsĂĄideadh na substaintĂ seo freisin chun crĂocha comhchosĂșla sa GhrĂ©ig ĂĄrsa agus sa RĂłimh.
Ceart go leor. 1000 pinginĂ Mar a luann an t-iriseoir Francach Magelon Toussaint-Samat ina leabhar The History of Food, bhĂ aithne ag 3 duine ar bhia reoite sa tSĂn. blianta fada Ăł shin.
1000-500 tenge In Auvergne na Fraince, thĂĄngthas ar nĂos mĂł nĂĄ mĂle granaries Ăłn rĂ© Gallic le linn tochailtĂ seandĂĄlaĂochta. Creideann eolaithe go raibh a fhios ag na Gauls na rĂșin a bhaineann le stĂłrĂĄil bia i bhfolĂșs. Nuair a bhĂ siad ag stĂłrĂĄil grĂĄin, rinne siad iarracht ar dtĂșs baictĂ©ir agus miocrĂłib eile a scriosadh le tine, agus ansin lĂonadh siad a gcuid grĂĄinsĂ sa chaoi is go gcuirfĂ bac ar rochtain aeir ar na sraitheanna nĂos Ăsle. A bhuĂochas leis seo, d'fhĂ©adfaĂ an grĂĄn a stĂłrĂĄil ar feadh blianta fada.
IV-II vpne Rinneadh iarrachtaĂ freisin bianna a chaomhnĂș trĂ mhiotail, ag baint ĂșsĂĄide as fĂnĂ©agar go hĂĄirithe. Tagann samplaĂ suntasacha Ăłn tSean-RĂłimh. Rinneadh marinade glasraĂ coitianta ansin as fĂnĂ©agar, mil agus mustaird. De rĂ©ir Apichush, bhĂ mil oiriĂșnach freisin do marinades, mar a choinnigh sĂ© feoil Ășr ar feadh roinnt laethanta, fiĂș i aimsir te.
Sa GhrĂ©ig, baineadh ĂșsĂĄid as quince agus meascĂĄn de mil le mĂ©id beag de mil triomaithe chun na crĂche seo - seo go lĂ©ir agus tĂĄirgĂ a phacĂĄil go docht i prĂłcaĂ. Bhain na RĂłmhĂĄnaigh ĂșsĂĄid as an teicnĂocht chĂ©anna, ach ina ionad sin fhiuchadh siad meascĂĄn de mheala agus quince go comhsheasmhacht soladach. Thug trĂĄdĂĄlaithe Indiacha agus Oirthearacha, ina dhiaidh sin, cĂĄna siĂșcra go dtĂ an Eoraip - anois d'fhĂ©adfadh mnĂĄ tĂ foghlaim conas "bia stĂĄnaithe" a dhĂ©anamh trĂ na torthaĂ a thĂ©amh le cĂĄna.
1794-1809 TĂ©ann rĂ© na canĂĄla nua-aimseartha siar go dtĂ feachtais Napoleon i 1794, nuair a thosaigh Napoleon ag lorg bealaĂ chun bia meatacha a stĂłrĂĄil dĂĄ chuid trĂșpaĂ a bhĂ ag troid thar lear, ar tĂr agus ar muir.
Sa bhliain 1795, thairg rialtas na Fraince bĂłnas 12. francs dĂłibh siĂșd a thagann suas le bealach chun seilfrĂ© na dtĂĄirgĂ a leathnĂș. Sa bhliain 1809, fuair an Francach Nicolas Appert (3). Cheap sĂ© agus d'fhorbair sĂ© an modh meastĂłireachta. Is Ă©ard a bhĂ ann nĂĄ cĂłcaireacht fadtĂ©armach earraĂ bia in uisce fiuchphointe nĂł gal, i soithĂ a bhĂ sĂ©alaithe go heirmĂ©iteach, mar shampla crĂșiscĂnĂ (4) nĂł cannaĂ miotail. CĂ© gur bunaĂodh luachĂĄil sa Fhrainc agus gur i Sasana a cuireadh tĂșs le tĂĄirgeadh cannaĂ stĂĄin, is i MeiriceĂĄ amhĂĄin a forbraĂodh an modh go praiticiĂșil.
XIX sa. TĂĄ bia saillte ar eolas le fada. Le himeacht ama, thosaigh daoine ag triail, agus sa 20Ăș haois fuarthas amach gur thug salainn ĂĄirithe dath dearg tarraingteach don fheoil in ionad liath. Le linn turgnaimh a rinneadh sna XNUMXs, thuig na heolaithe go gcuireann meascĂĄn salainn (nĂotrĂĄit) cosc ââââar fhorbairt bacilli botulinum.
1821 BreathnaĂodh na chĂ©ad Ă©ifeachtaĂ dearfacha a bhaineann le hatmaisfĂ©ar modhnaithe a chur i bhfeidhm ar bhia. Dâaimsigh Jacques-Ătienne Berard, ollamh i Scoil na CĂłgaisĂochta i Montpellier na Fraince, agus dâfhĂłgair sĂ© don domhan go gcuireann stĂłrĂĄil torthaĂ faoi choinnĂollacha ocsaigine Ăsle moill ar a n-aibiĂș agus go mĂ©adaĂtear a seilfrĂ©. Mar sin fĂ©in, nĂor ĂșsĂĄideadh stĂłrĂĄil atmaisfĂ©ar rialaithe (CAS) go dtĂ na 30idĂ nuair a bhĂ Ășlla agus piorraĂ ĂĄ stĂłrĂĄil ar longa i seomraĂ le leibhĂ©il arda CO.2 - fad a chur lena n-Ășire.
5. Ludwik Pasteur - portrĂĄid d'Albert Edelfelt
1862-1871 Ba Ă© an t-aireagĂłir AstrĂĄlach James Harrison, printĂ©ir de rĂ©ir trĂĄdĂĄla, a dhear an chĂ©ad chuisneoir. Cuireadh tĂșs le tĂĄirgeadh fiĂș agus bhuail sĂ© an margadh, ach i bhformhĂłr na bhfoinsĂ is Ă© an t-innealtĂłir BavĂĄrach Carl von Linde an t-innealtĂłir BavĂĄrach den chineĂĄl seo feiste. Sa bhliain 1871, d'ĂșsĂĄid sĂ© cĂłras cuisniĂșchĂĄin ag grĂșdlann Spaten i MĂŒnchen, rud a cheadaigh beoir a thĂĄirgeadh sa samhradh. Ăitear dĂ©mheitil nĂł amĂłinia a bhĂ sa chuisnithe (dâĂșsĂĄid Harrison Ă©itear meitile freisin). Rinneadh an t-oighear a fuarthas trĂd an modh seo a fhoirmiĂș i mbloic agus a iompar chuig tithe, ĂĄit ar thit sĂ© isteach i gcaibinĂ©id teas-inslithe ĂĄit a fhuaraĂodh bia.
1863 MĂnĂonn Ludwik Pasteur (5) go heolaĂoch an prĂłiseas pasteurĂșchĂĄin, rud a fhĂĄgann gur fĂ©idir miocrorgĂĄnaigh a dhĂghnĂomhachtĂș agus blas an bhia ĂĄ chaomhnĂș. Is Ă©ard atĂĄ i gceist leis an modh clasaiceach pasteurĂșchĂĄin nĂĄ an tĂĄirge a thĂ©amh go teocht os cionn 72 ° C, ach nach mĂł nĂĄ 100 ° C. Mar shampla, is Ă©ard atĂĄ ann Ă© a thĂ©amh go 100 ° C i nĂłimĂ©id nĂł 85 ° C i 30 nĂłimĂ©ad i bhfeiste dĂșnta ar a dtugtar pasteurizer.
1899 LĂ©irigh Bert Holmes Hite Ă©ifeacht millteach brĂșnna arda ar mhiocrorgĂĄnaigh. Ar feadh 10 nĂłimĂ©ad ag teocht an tseomra, chuir sĂ© an bainne faoi bhrĂș 680 MPa, ag tabhairt faoi deara gur laghdaigh lĂon na miocrorgĂĄnach beo atĂĄ sa bhainne mar thoradh air seo. Ina dhiaidh sin, nĂor lĂ©irigh feoil a bhĂ faoi bhrĂș 540 MPa ag teocht 52 ° C ar feadh uair an chloig aon athruithe micribhitheolaĂochta le linn trĂ seachtaine stĂłrĂĄla.
Sna blianta ina dhiaidh sin, rinneadh staidĂ©ir bhunĂșsacha ar thionchar brĂș ard, i.e. ar phrĂłitĂ©inĂ, ar einsĂmĂ, ar eilimintĂ struchtĂșracha na cille agus ar mhiocrorgĂĄnaigh iomlĂĄna. Tugtar pascalization ar an bprĂłiseas seo, tar Ă©is an t-eolaĂ mĂłr Francach Blaise Pascal, agus tĂĄ sĂ© fĂłs ĂĄ fhorbairt. I 1990, scaoileadh subh ard-bhrĂș ar mhargadh na SeapĂĄine, agus an bhliain ina dhiaidh sin, bhĂ nĂos mĂł tĂĄirgĂ bia cosĂșil le iĂłgart torthaĂ agus glĂłthacha, cĂłirithe sailĂ©ad maonĂĄis, etc.
1905 Arna thairiscint ag poitigĂ©irĂ na Breataine J. Appleby agus A. J. Banks. Thosaigh cur i bhfeidhm praiticiĂșil ionradaĂochta bia i 1921, nuair a fuair eolaĂ MeiriceĂĄnach amach go bhfĂ©adfadh X-ghathanna Trichinella, parasite a fhaightear i muiceoil, a mharĂș.
CĂłireĂĄladh bia le iseatĂłip radaighnĂomhacha caeisiam 137 nĂł cĂłbalt 60 in inslitheoirĂ luaidhe - astaĂonn iseatĂłip de na heilimintĂ seo radaĂocht ianaĂoch leictreamaighnĂ©adach i bhfoirm gĂĄma-ghathanna. Thosaigh tuilleadh oibre ar na modhanna seo i Sasana tar Ă©is 1930, agus ansin sna StĂĄit Aontaithe tar Ă©is 1940. Ă thart ar 1955, thosaigh taighde ar chaomhnĂș radaĂochta earraĂ bia i go leor tĂortha. Go gairid, caomhnaĂodh tĂĄirgĂ ag baint ĂșsĂĄide as radaĂocht ianaĂoch, rud a d'fhĂĄg gur fĂ©idir an seilfrĂ© a leathnĂș, mar shampla, Ă©anlaith chlĂłis, ach nĂor chinntigh sĂ© steiriĂșlacht iomlĂĄn an tĂĄirge. ĂsĂĄidtear iad go rathĂșil chun pĂ©acadh prĂĄtaĂ agus oinniĂșin a chosc.
1906 Breith oifigiĂșil an phrĂłisis thriomĂș reoite (6). Ina gcuid oibre curtha i lĂĄthair ag Acadamh EolaĂochtaĂ na bPĂĄras, chruthaigh an bitheolaĂ FrĂ©dĂ©ric Bordas agus an dochtĂșir agus an fisiceoir Jacques-ArsĂšne d'Arsonval gur fĂ©idir sĂ©iream fola reoite agus Ăogair Ăł thaobh teochta a thriomĂș. D'fhan an meadhg triomaithe ar an mbealach seo cobhsaĂ ar feadh i bhfad ag teocht an tseomra. TĂĄ cur sĂos dĂ©anta ag na aireagĂłirĂ ina gcuid staidĂ©ir ina dhiaidh sin gur fĂ©idir a modh a ĂșsĂĄid chun sera agus vacsaĂnĂ a shocrĂș agus a chothabhĂĄil i riocht maith. TarlaĂonn baint uisce Ăł thĂĄirge reoite freisin i gcoinnĂollacha nĂĄdĂșrtha - tĂĄ sĂ© seo in ĂșsĂĄid le fada ag na Eskimos. Baineadh ĂșsĂĄid as reo-thriomĂș tionsclaĂoch sa dara leath den XNUMXĂș haois.
6. TĂĄirgĂ sublimated
1913 Chuaigh DOMELRE (Domestic ELectric Refrigerator), an chĂ©ad chuisneoir leictreach tĂ, ar dĂol i Chicago. Sa bhliain chĂ©anna, bhĂ an chuma ar chuisneoirĂ sa GhearmĂĄin. BhĂ comhlacht adhmaid ag an mĂșnla MeiriceĂĄnach agus meicnĂocht fuaraithe ar a bharr. NĂ cuisneoir a bhĂ ann i ndĂĄirĂre mar a thuigimid inniu Ă©, ach aonad cuisniĂșchĂĄin a dearadh le suiteĂĄil ar bharr an chuisneora atĂĄ ann cheana fĂ©in.
Ba Ă© an chuisnithe dĂ©-ocsaĂd sulfair tocsaineach. ClĂșdaĂodh cuisneoirĂ GearmĂĄnacha (a mhonaraigh AEG) le tĂleanna ceirmeacha. Mar sin fĂ©in, nĂorbh fhĂ©idir ach le hĂșinĂ©irĂ bialainne GearmĂĄnacha na glĂ©asanna seo a Ăoc, toisc go gcosnaĂonn siad 1750 marc nua-aimseartha, atĂĄ mar an gcĂ©anna le heastĂĄt tĂre.
7. Clarence Birdseye sa Chian Thuaidh
1922 Le linn do Clarence Birdseye, agus Ă© ar reo Labradar (7), fuarthas amach go reoiteann iasc a ghabhtar ag -40°C beagnach lĂĄithreach, agus nuair a bhĂonn sĂ© leĂĄite, go bhfuil blas Ășr aige, atĂĄ difriĂșil go hiomlĂĄn leis na hĂ©isc reoite a dâfhĂ©adfaĂ a cheannach i Nua-Eabhrac. Go luath d'fhorbair sĂ© teicnĂc chun bia a reo go tapa.
TĂĄ a fhios anois go gcruthaĂonn reo mear criostail oighir nĂos lĂș a dhĂ©anann damĂĄiste nĂos lĂș do struchtĂșir fĂochĂĄin nĂĄ modhanna eile. Rinne Birdseye triail ar iasc reoite ag an Clothel Refrigerator agus nĂos dĂ©anaĂ bhunaigh sĂ© a chuid Birdseye Seafoods Inc. SpeisialtĂłireacht sĂ© fillĂ©id Ă©isc a reo in aer fuaraithe ag teocht -43 ° C, ach i 1924 chuaigh sĂ© fĂ©imheach mar gheall ar easpa suime tomhaltĂłirĂ.
Mar sin fĂ©in, sa bhliain chĂ©anna, d'fhorbair Birdseye prĂłiseas iomlĂĄn nua le haghaidh reo tapa trĂĄchtĂĄla - pacĂĄistiĂș Ă©isc i gcartĂĄin agus ansin an t-ĂĄbhar a reo idir dhĂĄ dhromchla cuisnithe faoi bhrĂș; agus chruthaigh sĂ© cuideachta nua, General Seafood Corporation.
8. 1939 Electrolux cuisneoir ad
1935-1939 A bhuĂochas le Electrolux, tĂĄ cuisneoirĂ ag tosĂș le feiceĂĄil en masse i ngnĂĄth-thithe Kowalski (8).
60Ă. TĂĄthar ag tosĂș ar antaibheathaigh a ĂșsĂĄid chun bia a chaomhnĂș. Mar sin fĂ©in, mar gheall ar an mĂ©adĂș tapa ar fhriotaĂocht bhaictĂ©arach do na comhdhĂșile seo tĂĄ toirmeasc ar a n-ĂșsĂĄid. Fuarthas amach go luath go dtĂĄirgeann baictĂ©ir aigĂ©id lachtaigh nisin antaibheathach nĂĄdĂșrtha Ă©ifeachtach, nach mbaineann le antaibheathaigh leighis. LeasaĂtear Nisin, go hĂĄirithe, i bhfeoil agus cĂĄiseanna deataithe.
90Ă. Sa dara leath de na deich mbliana anuas den chĂ©id seo caite, thosaigh taighde ar ĂșsĂĄid plasma le haghaidh dĂghnĂomhaithe miocrĂłbach, cĂ© go raibh an modh dĂghnĂomhaithe plasma fuar paitinnithe ar ais sna 60Ă. Faoi lĂĄthair, tĂĄ ĂșsĂĄid plasma Ăseal-teocht i dtĂĄirgeadh bia. mheas mar theicneolaĂocht den chĂ©ad ghlĂșin, rud a chiallaĂonn gur le linn na trĂ©imhse tosaigh forbartha.
9. ClĂșdach leabhair le Lothar Leistner agus Graham Gould ar theicnĂc iomĂĄna.
2000 SainmhĂnĂonn Lothar Leistner (9) teicneolaĂocht bhacainn, i.e. modh chun pataiginĂ Ăł bhianna a dhĂchur go cruinn. SocraĂonn sĂ© "constaicĂ" ĂĄirithe nach mĂłr don phataigin a shĂĄrĂș chun maireachtĂĄil. TĂĄimid ag caint faoi mheascĂĄn tuisceanach de mhodhanna a ĂĄirithĂonn sĂĄbhĂĄilteacht bia agus cobhsaĂocht mhicribhitheolaĂoch, chomh maith le blas optamach agus cĂĄilĂochtaĂ cothaitheacha agus indĂ©antacht eacnamaĂoch. Is samplaĂ de bhacainnĂ sa chĂłras bia nĂĄ teocht ardphrĂłiseĂĄla, teocht Ăseal stĂłrĂĄla, aigĂ©adacht mhĂ©adaithe, gnĂomhaĂocht uisce laghdaithe, nĂł lĂĄithreacht leasaithigh.
Ag cur nĂĄdĂșr an tĂĄirge agus an microflora atĂĄ i lĂĄthair air san ĂĄireamh, roghnaĂtear casta de na fachtĂłirĂ thuas chun miocrorgĂĄnaigh a bhaint as tĂĄirgĂ bia nĂł iad a dhĂ©anamh neamhdhĂobhĂĄlach. Is constaic eile iad gach fachtĂłir. De rĂ©ir mar a lĂ©imeann siad astu ceann ar cheann, lagaĂonn na miocrĂłib, sa deireadh sroicheann siad pointe nach bhfuil an neart acu leanĂșint ar aghaidh ag lĂ©im. Ansin stopann a bhfĂĄs, agus cobhsaĂonn a n-uimhir ar leibhĂ©al sĂĄbhĂĄilte - nĂł faigheann siad bĂĄs. Is Ă© an chĂ©im dheireanach sa chur chuige seo leasaithigh cheimiceacha, nach n-ĂșsĂĄidtear ach amhĂĄin nuair nach gcuireann bacainnĂ eile bac go leor ar ghnĂomh miocrĂłbach nĂł nuair a bhaineann an bacainn an chuid is mĂł de na cothaithigh as an mbia.
Modhanna caomhnaithe bia
FisiciĂșil
- Teirmeach - arb Ă© atĂĄ ann teocht ard nĂł Ăseal a ĂșsĂĄid:
- fuarĂș,
- reo,
â steiriliĂș,
- paistĂ©arĂș,
- blanching
- tyndalization (pasteurization codĂĄnach - modh a chaomhnĂș bia stĂĄnaithe, atĂĄ comhdhĂ©anta de dhĂĄ nĂł trĂ huaire pasteurization le eatramh de XNUMX-XNUMX lĂĄ; tagann an tĂ©arma Ăł ainm an eolaĂ Ăireannach John Tyndall).
- LaghdĂș ar ghnĂomhaĂocht uisce athrĂș teochta nĂł cur leis na substaintĂ a athraĂonn an brĂș osmotic:
- triomĂș
â ramhrĂș (galĂș, criĂł-tiĂșchan, osmosis, scagdhealĂș, osmosis droim ar ais),
â substaintĂ osmoghnĂomhacha a chur leis.
- ĂsĂĄid gĂĄs cosanta i ndlĂsheomraĂ stĂłrĂĄla (atmaisfĂ©ar modhnaithe nĂł rialaithe) nĂł i bpacĂĄistiĂș bia:
- nĂtrigin,
- DĂ©-ocsaĂd charbĂłin,
- bhfolĂșs.
- RadaĂocht:
- UVC,
- ianaithe.
- IdirghnĂomhaĂocht leictreamaighnĂ©adach, arb Ă© atĂĄ ann airĂonna an rĂ©imse leictreamaighnĂ©adacha a chur i bhfeidhm:
â rĂ©imsĂ leictreacha pulsating,
â rĂ©imsĂ maighnĂ©adacha leictreacha.
- BrĂș iarratais:
- ultra ard (UHP),
â ard (OTI).
Ceimiceach
- Chun ceimiceĂĄin a chur le tuaslagĂĄn leasaitheach:
- marinating
â aigĂ©id neamhorgĂĄnacha a chur leis,
- marinating
â leasaithigh cheimiceacha eile a ĂșsĂĄid (antiseiptigh, antaibheathaigh).
- Ceimiceåin a chur leis an atmaisféar próisis:
- caitheamh tobac.
bitheolaĂoch
- PrĂłisis choipeadh faoi thionchar microorganisms:
- choipeadh lachtaigh
- fĂnĂ©agar,
- propionic (de bharr baictéir propionic).