cĂșig huaire sa tsĂșil
Ag deireadh na bliana 2020, reĂĄchtĂĄladh roinnt imeachtaĂ in ollscoileanna agus scoileanna, ar cuireadh siar iad Ăł ... MĂĄrta. Ba Ă© ceann acu an âcelebrationâ of pi day. Ar an ĂłcĂĄid ââââseo, an 8 Nollaig, thug mĂ© lĂ©acht iargĂșlta in Ollscoil Silesia, agus achoimre ar an lĂ©acht atĂĄ san alt seo. Thosaigh an cĂłisir ar fad ag 9.42, agus tĂĄ mo lĂ©acht sceidealta do 10.28. Cad as a dtagann a leithĂ©id de chruinneas? TĂĄ sĂ© simplĂ: tĂĄ 3 huaire pi thart ar 9,42, agus tĂĄ Ï go dtĂ an 2Ăș cumhacht thart ar 9,88, agus tĂĄ an uair 9 go dtĂ an 88Ăș cumhacht 10 go dtĂ an 28Ăș ...
NĂłs an uimhir seo a onĂłir, ag cur in iĂșl an cĂłimheas idir imlĂne ciorcail lena thrastomhas agus ar a dtugtar uaireanta an tairiseach Archimedes (chomh maith le cultĂșir ina labhraĂtear GearmĂĄinis), tagann sĂ© Ăł SAM (FĂ©ach freisin: ). 3.14 MĂĄrta âStĂl MheiriceĂĄnachâ ag 22:22, mar sin an smaoineamh. D'fhĂ©adfadh an choibhĂ©is Pholannach a bheith 7 IĂșil toisc go bhfuil an codĂĄn 14/XNUMX gar do Ï go maith, rud a ... bhĂ a fhios ag Archimedes cheana fĂ©in. Bhuel, is Ă© MĂĄrta XNUMX an t-am is fearr le haghaidh imeachtaĂ taobh.
TĂĄ na trĂ agus ceithre chĂ©ad dĂ©ag seo ar cheann den bheagĂĄn teachtaireachtaĂ matamaitice a dâfhan linn Ăłn scoil ar feadh an tsaoil. TĂĄ a fhios ag gach duine cad a chiallaĂonn sĂ© sin"cĂșig huaire sa tsĂșilâ. TĂĄ sĂ© chomh sĂĄite sa teanga gur deacair Ă a chur in iĂșl go hĂ©agsĂșil agus leis an ngrĂĄsta cĂ©anna. Nuair a dâfhiafraigh mĂ© Ăłn siopa deisithe gluaisteĂĄn cĂ© mhĂ©id a chosnĂłdh an deisiĂș, smaoinigh an meicneoir air agus dĂșirt: âcĂșig huaire thart ar 800 zlotys.â Chinn mĂ© leas a bhaint as an gcĂĄs. "CiallaĂonn tĂș comhfhogasĂș garbh?". Caithfidh gur shĂl an meicneoir go raibh mĂthuiscint orm, agus mar sin dĂșirt sĂ© arĂs, "NĂl a fhios agam go dĂreach cĂ© mhĂ©ad, ach cĂșig huaire de rĂ©ir sĂșl bheadh ââXNUMX."
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Cad Ă© faoi? D'ĂșsĂĄid an litriĂș RĂ©amh-Chogadh Domhanda II "nĂ hea" le chĂ©ile, agus d'fhĂĄg mĂ© ansin Ă©. NĂlimid ag dĂ©ileĂĄil anseo le filĂocht rĂł-phompus, cĂ© gur maith liom an smaoineamh go "caidĂ©il an long Ăłrga sonas." Fiafraigh de na daltaĂ: Cad a chiallaĂonn an smaoineamh seo? Ach luĂonn luach an tĂ©acs seo in ĂĄiteanna eile. Is ionann lĂon na litreacha sna focail seo a leanas agus digitĂ an iarmhĂr pi. Ligean ar a fheiceĂĄil:
Î 3,141592 653589 793238 462643 383279 502884 197169 399375 105820 974944 592307 816406 286208 998628 034825 342117 067982 148086 513282 306647 093844 609550 582231 725359 408128 481117 450284 XNUMX
I 1596, eolaĂ Ollannach de bhunadh na GearmĂĄine Ludolph van Seulen rĂomh luach pi go 35 ionad deachĂșil. Ansin bhĂ na figiĂșirĂ seo greanta ar a uaigh. thiomnaigh sĂ dĂĄn don uimhir pi agus dĂĄr mbuaiteoir Nobel, Vislava Shimborska. BhĂ spĂ©is ag Szymborska faoi neamh-thrĂ©imhsiĂșlacht na huimhreach seo agus mar gheall ar an dĂłchĂșlacht go dtarlĂłidh 1 gach seicheamh digitĂ, mar ĂĄr n-uimhir theileafĂłin, ann. CĂ© go bhfuil an chĂ©ad mhaoin ina cuid dhĂlis de gach uimhir neamhrĂ©asĂșnach (ar cheart dĂșinn cuimhneamh Ăłn scoil), is fĂric suimiĂșil matamaitice Ă© an dara ceann atĂĄ deacair a chruthĂș. Is fĂ©idir leat aipeanna a fhĂĄil fiĂș a thairgeann: tabhair dâuimhir theileafĂłin dom agus inseoidh mĂ© duit cĂĄ bhfuil sĂ© in pi.
I gcĂĄs ina bhfuil roundness, tĂĄ codladh. MĂĄ tĂĄ loch cruinn againn, tĂĄ siĂșl timpeall air 1,57 uair nĂos faide nĂĄ snĂĄmh. Ar ndĂłigh, nĂ chiallaĂonn sĂ© seo go mbeidh muid ag snĂĄmh uair go leith nĂł dhĂĄ uair nĂos moille nĂĄ mar a rachaimid. Roinn mĂ© an taifead domhanda 100m leis an taifead domhanda 100m. SuimiĂșil go leor, i fir agus mnĂĄ, tĂĄ an toradh beagnach mar an gcĂ©anna agus is 4,9. TĂĄimid ag snĂĄmh 5 huaire nĂos moille nĂĄ mar a ritheann muid. TĂĄ rĂĄmhaĂocht iomlĂĄn difriĂșil - ach dĂșshlĂĄn suimiĂșil. TĂĄ scĂ©al-lĂne sĂĄch fada aige.
Ag teitheadh ââââĂłn mBallĂĄnach a bhĂ sa tĂłir, sheol an Maith uasal dathĂșil go dtĂ an loch. Ritheann an villain feadh an chladaigh agus ag fanacht lĂ©i a thabhairt i dtĂr. Ar ndĂłigh, ritheann sĂ© nĂos tapĂșla nĂĄ sraitheanna Dobry, agus mĂĄ ritheann sĂ© go rĂ©idh, tĂĄ Dobry nĂos tapĂșla. Mar sin is Ă© an t-aon seans atĂĄ ag Olc Maith a fhĂĄil Ăłn gcladach - nĂ rogha Ă© lĂĄmhaigh chruinn Ăł gunnĂĄn, mar gheall ar. TĂĄ eolas luachmhar ag Good ar mian leis an Olc a fhĂĄil amach.
CloĂonn maith leis an straitĂ©is seo a leanas. SnĂĄmh sĂ© trasna an locha, ag druidim leis an gcladach de rĂ©ir a chĂ©ile, ach i gcĂłnaĂ ag iarraidh a bheith ar an taobh eile Ăł na hAon olc, a ritheann randamach ar chlĂ©, ansin ar dheis. TaispeĂĄntar Ă© seo san fhigiĂșr. BĂodh Z suĂomh tosaigh an Olc1, agus is Ă© Dobre lĂĄr an locha. Nuair a bhogann Zly go Z1, seolfaidh Dobro go D.1nuair a bhĂonn Bad i Z2, maith ar D2. Sreabhfaidh sĂ© ar bhealach zigzag, ach i gcomhrĂ©ir leis an riail: chomh fada agus is fĂ©idir Ăł Z. Mar sin fĂ©in, agus Ă© ag bogadh ar shiĂșl Ăł lĂĄr an locha, nĂ mĂłr do Maith bogadh i gciorcail nĂos mĂł agus nĂos mĂł, agus ag am Ă©igin nĂ fĂ©idir leis. cloĂ leis an bprionsabal "a bheith ar an taobh eile den olc." Ansan d'imthigh sĂ© lena neart go dtĂ an cladach, ag sĂșil nach rachadh an t-olc thar an loch. An Ă©ireoidh le Maith?
Braitheann an freagra ar cĂ© chomh tapa agus is fĂ©idir le Good rĂĄchairt maidir le luach chosa Bad. Cuir i gcĂĄs go n-imĂonn an Drochcheann ar luas nĂos mĂł nĂĄ luas an Fhir Mhaith ar an loch. Mar sin, tĂĄ ga atĂĄ uair amhĂĄin nĂos lĂș nĂĄ ga loch ag an gciorcal is mĂł, ar a bhfĂ©adfaidh Maith rĂĄchairt chun seasamh in aghaidh an Olc. Mar sin, sa lĂnĂocht atĂĄ againn. Ag pointe W, tosaĂonn ĂĄr gCineĂĄil ag rĂĄchairt i dtreo an chladaigh. Caithfidh sĂ© seo dul
le luas
TeastaĂonn am uaidh.
TĂĄ Wicked sa tĂłir ar a chosa is fearr. Caithfidh sĂ© leath an chiorcail a chrĂochnĂș, rud a thĂłgfaidh soicind nĂł nĂłimĂ©ad air, ag brath ar na haonaid a roghnaĂtear. MĂĄs crĂoch sona Ă© seo:
Rachaidh an ceann maith. LĂ©irĂonn cuntais shimplĂ cad ba cheart dĂł a bheith. MĂĄ ritheann an Drochfhear nĂos tapĂșla nĂĄ 4,14 huaire an Fear Maith, nĂ chrĂochnaĂonn sĂ© go maith. Agus anseo, freisin, dĂ©anann ĂĄr n-uimhir pi idirghabhĂĄil.
Is ĂĄlainn an rud atĂĄ cruinn. BreathnaĂmid ar an ngrianghraf de thrĂ phlĂĄta maisiĂșil - tĂĄ siad agam tar Ă©is mo thuismitheoirĂ. Cad Ă© achar an triantĂĄin cuarlĂneach eatarthu? Is tasc simplĂ Ă© seo; tĂĄ an freagra sa ghrianghraf cĂ©anna. NĂl aon ionadh orainn go bhfuil sĂ© le feiceĂĄil san fhoirmle - tar Ă©is an tsaoil, i gcĂĄs ina bhfuil roundness, tĂĄ pi.
D'ĂșsĂĄid mĂ© focal, b'fhĂ©idir, nach raibh aithne air: . Is Ă© seo an t-ainm ar an uimhir pi sa chultĂșr na GearmĂĄine ina labhraĂtear, agus seo go lĂ©ir a bhuĂochas leis an Ollainnis (i ndĂĄirĂre GearmĂĄnach a bhĂ ina gcĂłnaĂ san ĂsiltĂr - nĂ raibh a nĂĄisiĂșntacht ĂĄbhar ag an am sin), Ludolf de Seoulen... I 1596 g. rĂomh sĂ© 35 dhigit dĂĄ mhĂ©adĂș go dtĂ deachĂșil. BhĂ an taifead seo go dtĂ 1853, nuair a William Rutherford 440 suĂochĂĄn a chomhaireamh. Is Ă© an sealbhĂłir taifid le haghaidh rĂomhanna lĂĄimhe (go deo is dĂłcha) Uilliam Shanksa dâfhoilsigh, tar Ă©is blianta fada oibre, (i 1873) sĂneadh le 702 dhigit. Is i 1946 amhĂĄin a fuarthas go raibh na 180 digit dheireanacha mĂcheart, ach dâfhan sĂ© amhlaidh. 527 ceart. BhĂ sĂ© suimiĂșil an fabht fĂ©in a aimsiĂș. Go luath i ndiaidh fhoilsiĂș thoradh Shanks, bhĂ amhras orthu go raibh ârud Ă©igin mĂcheartâ - is beag seachtar a bhĂ ĂĄ bhforbairt go amhrasach. Deir an hipitĂ©is nach bhfuil cruthaithe go fĂłill (Nollaig 2020) gur chĂłir go mbeadh gach uimhir le feiceĂĄil ar an minicĂocht chĂ©anna. Spreag sĂ© seo DT Ferguson chun rĂomhaireachtaĂ Shanks a athbhreithniĂș agus earrĂĄid âan fhoghlaimeoraâ a aimsiĂș!
NĂos dĂ©anaĂ, chabhraigh ĂĄireamhĂĄin agus rĂomhairĂ le daoine. Is Ă© an sealbhĂłir taifid reatha (Nollaig 2020). Timothy Mullican (50 trilliĂșn ionad dheachĂșlacha). Ghlac na rĂomhanna ... 303 lĂĄ. DĂ©anaimis sĂșgradh: cĂ© mhĂ©ad spĂĄis a ghlacfadh an uimhir seo, clĂłite i leabhar caighdeĂĄnach. Go dtĂ le dĂ©anaĂ, ba Ă© "taobh" clĂłite an tĂ©acs 1800 carachtar (30 lĂne le 60 lĂne). DĂ©anaimis lĂon na gcarachtar agus imeall na leathanach a laghdĂș, cuirimis 5000 carachtar in aghaidh an leathanaigh, agus priontĂĄil 50 leabhar leathanach. Mar sin ghlacfadh carachtair XNUMX trilliĂșn deich milliĂșn leabhar. NĂ dona, ceart?
Is Ă an cheist, cad Ă© an pointe streachailt den sĂłrt sin? Ă thaobh eacnamaĂoch amhĂĄin de, cĂ©n fĂĄth ar cheart don chĂĄinĂocĂłir Ăoc as "siamsaĂocht" na matamaiticeoirĂ? NĂl an freagra deacair. Ar dtĂșs, Ăł Seoulen bearnaĂ invented le haghaidh rĂomhaireachtaĂ, ansin ĂșsĂĄideach le haghaidh rĂomhaireachtaĂ logartamach. DĂĄ ndĂ©arfaĂ leis: tĂłg, le do thoil, bearnaĂ, dâfhreagair sĂ©: cĂ©n fĂĄth? Mar an gcĂ©anna ordĂș :. Mar is eol daoibh, nĂ de thaisme ar fad a tharla an fhionnachtain seo, ach mar sin fĂ©in fothĂĄirge taighde de chineĂĄl eile Ă©.
Ar an dara dul sĂos, dĂ©anaimis an mĂ©id a scrĂobhann sĂ© a lĂ©amh Timothy Mullican. Seo macasamhail de thĂșs a shaothair. TĂĄ an tOllamh Mullican sa chibearshlĂĄndĂĄil, agus is caitheamh aimsire chomh beag Ă© pi go ndearna sĂ© tĂĄstĂĄil ar a chĂłras nua cibearshlĂĄndĂĄla.
Agus gur mĂł nĂĄ go leor 3,14159 san innealtĂłireacht, sin ĂĄbhar eile. DĂ©anaimis rĂomh simplĂ. TĂĄ IĂșpatar 4,774 Tm Ăłn nGrian (teirmimĂ©adar = 1012 mĂ©adar). Chun imlĂne ciorcail den sĂłrt sin a rĂomh le ga den sĂłrt sin go dtĂ cruinneas ĂĄifĂ©iseach de 1 millimĂ©adar, bheadh ââââsĂ© go leor Ï = 3,1415926535897932 a ghlacadh.
TaispeĂĄnann an grianghraf seo a leanas ceathrĂș ciorcal de brĂcĂ Lego. Bhain mĂ© ĂșsĂĄid as 1774 pillĂn agus bhĂ sĂ© thart ar 3,08 pi. NĂl an chuid is fearr, ach cad a bheith ag sĂșil? NĂ fĂ©idir cearnĂłga a dhĂ©anamh i gciorcal.
DĂreach. Is eol gurb Ă© an uimhir pi ciorcal cearnach - fadhb mhatamaitice atĂĄ ag fanacht lena rĂ©iteach le breis agus 2000 bliain - Ăł aimsir na GrĂ©ige. An fĂ©idir leat compĂĄs agus ciumhais dhĂreacha a ĂșsĂĄid le cearnĂłg a thĂłgĂĄil a bhfuil achar cothrom le hachar an chiorcail tugtha di?
TĂĄ an tĂ©arma "cearnĂłg an chiorcail" tar Ă©is dul isteach sa teanga labhartha mar shiombail de rud dodhĂ©anta. BrĂșim ar an eochair a fhiafraĂ, an iarracht de shaghas Ă©igin Ă© seo chun trinse na naimhdeas a scarann ââsaorĂĄnaigh ĂĄr dtĂre ĂĄlainn a lĂonadh? Ach seachnaĂonn mĂ© an t-ĂĄbhar seo cheana fĂ©in, mar is dĂłcha nach mbraitheann mĂ© ach sa mhatamaitic.
Agus arĂs an rud cĂ©anna - nĂor thĂĄinig an rĂ©iteach ar an bhfadhb a bhaineann le squaring an chiorcail le feiceĂĄil sa chaoi is gur Ășdar an rĂ©itigh, Charles Lindemann, in 1882 a cuireadh ar bun Ă© agus ar deireadh dâĂ©irigh leis. Go pointe ĂĄirithe tĂĄ, ach bhĂ sĂ© mar thoradh ar ionsaĂ Ăł aghaidh leathan. TĂĄ sĂ© foghlamtha ag matamaiticeoirĂ go bhfuil cineĂĄlacha Ă©agsĂșla uimhreacha ann. NĂ hamhĂĄin slĂĄnuimhreacha, rĂ©asĂșnach (is Ă© sin, codĂĄin) agus neamhrĂ©asĂșnach. Is fĂ©idir le neamh-tomhaisiĂșlacht a bheith nĂos fearr nĂł nĂos measa freisin. BâfhĂ©idir gur cuimhin linn Ăłn scoil gurb Ă an uimhir neamhrĂ©asĂșnach nĂĄ â2 â uimhir a lĂ©irĂonn an cĂłimheas idir fad trasnĂĄnach cearnĂłg agus fad a sleasa. CosĂșil le haon uimhir neamhrĂ©asĂșnach, tĂĄ sĂneadh Ă©iginnte aige. Lig dom a mheabhrĂș duit gur airĂ de chuid uimhreacha rĂ©asĂșnacha Ă© forleathnĂș trĂ©imhsiĂșil, i.e. slĂĄnuimhreacha prĂobhĂĄideacha:
Anseo athrĂĄ ar feadh trĂ©imhse Ă©iginnte seicheamh na n-uimhreacha 142857. Maidir le â2 nĂ tharlĂłidh sĂ© seo - is cuid den neamhrĂ©asĂșnacht Ă© seo. Ach is fĂ©idir leat:
(tĂ©ann codĂĄn ar aghaidh go deo). Feicimid patrĂșn anseo, ach de chineĂĄl eile. NĂl Pi fiĂș chomh coitianta sin. NĂ fĂ©idir Ă© a fhĂĄil trĂ chothromĂłid ailgĂ©abrach a rĂ©iteach - is Ă© sin, ceann nach bhfuil frĂ©amh chearnach, nĂĄ logartamach, nĂĄ feidhmeanna triantĂĄnachta ann. LĂ©irĂonn sĂ© seo cheana fĂ©in nach bhfuil sĂ© intĂłgtha - bĂonn feidhmeanna cearnacha mar thoradh ar chiorcail a tharraingt, agus lĂnte - lĂnte dĂreacha - go cothromĂłidĂ den chĂ©ad chĂ©im.
BâfhĂ©idir gur imigh mĂ© Ăłn bprĂomhphlota. Is Ă© forbairt na matamaitice go lĂ©ir a d'fhĂĄg gur fĂ©idir filleadh ar an mbunĂșs - chuig matamaitic ĂĄrsa ĂĄille na smaointeoirĂ a chruthaigh dĂșinn cultĂșr machnaimh na hEorpa, rud atĂĄ chomh amhrasach ag cuid acu inniu.
As na patrĂșin ionadaĂocha go leor, roghnaigh mĂ© dhĂĄ cheann. An chĂ©ad cheann acu nascann muid leis an sloinne Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz (1646-1716).
Ach bhĂ aithne air (mĂșnla, nĂ Leibniz) ar an scolĂĄire HiondĂșch meĂĄnaoiseach Madhava na Sangamagram (1350-1425). NĂ raibh an t-aistriĂș faisnĂ©ise ag an am sin iontach - is minic a bhĂ naisc IdirlĂn bugaĂ, agus nĂ raibh cadhnraĂ ann le haghaidh fĂłin phĂłca (toisc nach raibh leictreonaic invented fĂłs!). TĂĄ an fhoirmle ĂĄlainn, ach gan ĂșsĂĄid le haghaidh rĂomhaireachtaĂ. Ă cĂ©ad comhĂĄbhair, faightear "amhĂĄin" 3,15159.
tĂĄ sĂ© beagĂĄn nĂos fearr wzĂłr ViĂšte'a (an ceann as cothromĂłidĂ cearnacha) agus is furasta a fhoirmle a rĂomh mar is Ă© an chĂ©ad tĂ©arma eile sa tĂĄirge an fhrĂ©amh chearnach den mĂłide dhĂĄ cheann roimhe sin.
TĂĄ a fhios againn go bhfuil an ciorcal cruinn. Is fĂ©idir linn a rĂĄ gur babhta 100 faoin gcĂ©ad Ă© seo. FiafrĂłidh an matamaiticeoir: an fĂ©idir rud Ă©igin a bheith gan 1 faoin gcĂ©ad bhabhta? RĂ©ir dealraimh, is oxymoron Ă© seo, frĂĄsa ina bhfuil contrĂĄrtha folaithe, mar shampla, oighear te. Ach dĂ©anaimis iarracht a thomhas cĂ© chomh cruinn agus is fĂ©idir na cruthanna a bheith. TharlaĂonn sĂ© go bhfuil tomhas maith tugtha ag an bhfoirmle seo a leanas, ina bhfuil S an t-achar agus L mar imlĂne an fhĂor. DĂ©anaimis a fhĂĄil amach go bhfuil an ciorcal cruinn i ndĂĄirĂre, gurb Ă© 6 an sigma. Is Ă© achar an chiorcail an imlĂne. Cuirimid isteach ... agus fĂ©ach cad atĂĄ ceart. CĂ© chomh cruinn is atĂĄ an chearnĂłg? TĂĄ na rĂomhanna dĂreach chomh simplĂ, nĂ thabharfaidh mĂ© fiĂș iad. Glac heicseagĂĄn rialta inscrĂofa i gciorcal le ga. Is lĂ©ir go bhfuil an imlĂne XNUMX.
Poll
Cad mar gheall ar heicseagĂĄn rialta? Is Ă© 6 imlĂne agus an t-achar atĂĄ aige
Mar sin atĂĄ againn
atĂĄ comhionann thart ar 0,952. TĂĄ an heicseagĂĄn nĂos mĂł nĂĄ 95% "cruinn".
Faightear toradh suimiĂșil nuair a bhĂonn cruinneas staidiam spĂłirt ĂĄ rĂomh. De rĂ©ir rialacha an IAAF, nĂ mĂłr do dhĂreach agus cuair a bheith 40 mĂ©adar ar fad, cĂ© go gceadaĂtear diallais. Is cuimhin liom go raibh Staid Bislet in OslĂł caol agus fada. ScrĂobhaim âBhĂâ toisc gur rith mĂ© air fiĂș (le haghaidh amaitĂ©arach!), Ach nĂos mĂł nĂĄ XNUMX bliain Ăł shin. FĂ©achaimis:
MĂĄ tĂĄ ga 100 mĂ©adar ag an stua, is Ă© mĂ©adar ga an stua sin. TĂĄ achar na faiche mĂ©adar cearnach, agus tĂĄ an limistĂ©ar lasmuigh di (ĂĄit a bhfuil spriongaĂ) iomlĂĄn mĂ©adar cearnach. DĂ©anaimis Ă© seo a phlugĂĄil isteach san fhoirmle:
Mar sin an bhfuil baint ar bith ag cruinniĂșlacht staidiam spĂłirt le triantĂĄn comhshleasach? Toisc go bhfuil airde triantĂĄin chomhshleasaigh an lĂon cĂ©anna uaireanta an tsleasa. Is comhtharlĂș randamach uimhreacha Ă©, ach tĂĄ sĂ© go deas. Is maith liom Ă©. Agus na lĂ©itheoirĂ?
Bhuel, tĂĄ sĂ© go maith go bhfuil sĂ© cruinn, cĂ© go bhfĂ©adfadh roinnt agĂłid a dhĂ©anamh mar go bhfuil an vĂreas a thĂ©ann i bhfeidhm orainn go lĂ©ir cruinn. Ar a laghad sin mar a tharraingĂonn siad Ă©.