ComhdhlĂșthaigh siad ocsaigin
Ba iad Zygmunt WrĂłblewski agus Karol Olszewski na chĂ©ad duine ar domhan a leachtaigh roinnt gĂĄs buan mar a thugtar orthu. BhĂ na heolaithe thuas ina OllĂșna in Ollscoil Jagiellonian ag deireadh an XNUMXĂș haois. TĂĄ trĂ staid fhisiceacha sa nĂĄdĂșr: soladach, leachtach agus gĂĄsach. Nuair a thĂ©itear iad, casann solaid isteach i leacht (mar shampla, oighear isteach in uisce, is fĂ©idir iarann ââa leĂĄ freisin), ach leacht? isteach i ngĂĄs (m.sh. sceitheadh ââgĂĄsailĂn, galĂș uisce). Ba Ă© tuairim na n-eolaithe: an bhfuil an prĂłiseas droim ar ais indĂ©anta? An fĂ©idir, mar shampla, gĂĄs a dhĂ©anamh leachtaithe nĂł fiĂș soladach?
eolaithe neamhbhĂĄsmhaireachta ar stampa postais
Ar ndĂłigh, fuarthas amach go tapa mĂĄ iompaĂonn comhlacht leachtach ina ghĂĄs nuair a thĂ©itear Ă©, is fĂ©idir leis an ngĂĄs dul isteach i stĂĄt leachtach. agus Ă© ag fuarĂș dĂł. DĂĄ bhrĂ sin, rinneadh iarrachtaĂ chun gĂĄis a leachtĂș trĂ fhuaraithe, agus d'Ă©irigh sĂ© amach gur fĂ©idir dĂ©-ocsaĂd sulfair, dĂ©-ocsaĂd charbĂłin, clĂłirĂn agus gĂĄis eile a chomhdhlĂșthĂș le laghdĂș rĂ©asĂșnta beag ar theocht. Fuarthas amach ansin go bhfĂ©adfaĂ gĂĄis a leachtĂș trĂ ĂșsĂĄid a bhaint as brĂș fola ard. TrĂ ĂșsĂĄid a bhaint as an dĂĄ bheart le chĂ©ile, is fĂ©idir beagnach gach gĂĄs a leachtĂș. Mar sin fĂ©in, ocsaĂd nĂtreach leachtaithe, meatĂĄn, ocsaigin, nĂtrigin, aonocsaĂd charbĂłin agus aer. AinmnĂodh iad gĂĄis marthanacha.
Mar sin fĂ©in, chun friotaĂocht na ngĂĄs buan a bhriseadh, baineadh ĂșsĂĄid as teocht nĂos Ăsle agus brĂșnna nĂos airde. Glacadh leis nach bhfĂ©adfadh aon ghĂĄs os cionn teocht ĂĄirithe comhdhlĂșthĂș, fiĂș in ainneoin an bhrĂș is airde. Ar ndĂłigh, bhĂ an teocht seo difriĂșil do gach gĂĄs.
NĂor lĂĄimhseĂĄladh go han-mhaith teochtaĂ an-Ăseal a bhaint amach. Mar shampla, mheasc Michal Faraday dĂ©-ocsaĂd charbĂłin soladaithe le hĂ©itear agus ansin laghdaigh sĂ© an brĂș san ĂĄrthach seo. Rinneadh an dĂ©-ocsaĂd charbĂłin agus an Ă©itear a ghalĂș ansin; le linn galĂș, ghlac siad teas Ăłn gcomhshaol agus dĂĄ bhrĂ sin fuaraithe an timpeallacht go dtĂ teocht de -110 ° C (ar ndĂłigh, i soithĂ isothermal).
Tugadh faoi deara dĂĄ gcuirfĂ aon ghĂĄs i bhfeidhm, laghdĂș ar theocht agus mĂ©adĂș ar bhrĂș, agus ansin ag an nĂłimĂ©ad deireanach laghdaĂodh an brĂș go gĂ©arthit an teocht dĂreach chomh tapa. Ina theannta sin, mar a thugtar air modh cascĂĄide. Go ginearĂĄlta, tĂĄ sĂ© bunaithe ar an bhfĂric go roghnaĂtear roinnt gĂĄis, gach ceann acu ag comhdhlĂșthĂș le deacracht mhĂ©adaitheach agus ag teochtaĂ atĂĄ ag Ă©irĂ nĂos Ăsle. Faoi thionchar, mar shampla, oighir agus salann, comhdhlĂșthaĂonn an chĂ©ad ghĂĄs; TrĂ laghdĂș ar an mbrĂș i soitheach le gĂĄs, baintear amach laghdĂș suntasach ar a theocht. Sa soitheach leis an gcĂ©ad ghĂĄs tĂĄ sorcĂłir leis an dara gĂĄs, freisin faoi bhrĂș. DĂ©anann an dara ceann, fuaraithe ag an gcĂ©ad ghĂĄs agus arĂs depressurized, comhdhlĂșthĂș agus tugann sĂ© teocht i bhfad nĂos Ăsle nĂĄ teocht an chĂ©ad ghĂĄis. TĂĄ an trĂĂș ag an sorcĂłir leis an dara gĂĄs, agus mar sin de. Is dĂłcha, seo mar a fuarthas an teocht -240 ° C.
Chinn Olshevsky agus Vrublevsky an dĂĄ mhodh a ĂșsĂĄid, ie, an modh cascĂĄide ar dtĂșs, chun an brĂș a ardĂș, agus ansin Ă© a ĂsliĂș go gĂ©ar. FĂ©adann sĂ© a bheith contĂșirteach gĂĄis chomhbhrĂșite ag brĂș ard agus tĂĄ an trealamh a ĂșsĂĄidtear an-sofaisticiĂșil. Mar shampla, foirmĂonn eitilĂ©in agus ocsaigin meascĂĄn plĂ©ascach le fĂłrsa dynamite. Le linn ceann de na brĂșchtaĂ Vrublevsky shĂĄbhĂĄil sĂ© ach saol trĂ thimpistemar ag an nĂłimĂ©ad sin nĂ raibh sĂ© ach cĂșpla cĂ©im ar shiĂșl Ăłn gceamara; An lĂĄ dĂĄr gcionn, gortaĂodh Olshevsky go dona arĂs, mar gheall ar phlĂ©asc sorcĂłir miotail ina raibh eitilĂ©in agus ocsaigin in aice leis.
Ar deireadh, ar 9 AibreĂĄn, 1883, bhĂ ĂĄr n-eolaithe in ann Ă© sin a fhĂłgairt leachtaigh siad ocsaigingo bhfuil sĂ© go hiomlĂĄn leachtach agus gan dath. Mar sin, bhĂ an bheirt ollamh Krakow chun tosaigh ar eolaĂocht na hEorpa ar fad.
Go luath ina dhiaidh sin, leachtaigh siad nĂtrigin, aonocsaĂd charbĂłin agus aer. Mar sin chruthaigh siad nach bhfuil "gĂĄis frithsheasmhacha" ann, agus d'fhorbair siad cĂłras chun teocht an-Ăseal a fhĂĄil.